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Task

A Task represents an asynchronous operation.

// create and run a task in a new thread
var result = await Task.Run(async () => 
{
    await Task.Delay(4000);
    return 0;
});

Cancel a task

var cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource(5000); // cancel after 5s
CancellationToken token = cancellationTokenSource.Token;

try
{
    await Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        var i = 1;
        while (!token.IsCancellationRequested) // break the loop if cancellation is requested
        {
            Console.Write($"{i++} ");
            await Task.Delay(1000);
        }

        token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested(); // or throw an OperationCanceledException
    }, token);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException e)
{
    Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}

cancellationTokenSource.Token.Register(() => {
    /* what to when the token is cancelled */
});

Fire and forget

Call an async method without waiting for the response. Exceptions will be lost.

_ = MyMethodAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);  // ConfigureAwait to avoid deadlock
MyMethodAsync().Forget();

async Task MyMethodAsync() {}

public static class TaskExtension
{
    public static async void AndForget(this Task task)
    {
        await task;
    }
}

Propriété WPF

Nuget:

Nito.Mvvm.Async prerelease
FontAwesome.WPF

MainWindow.xaml

<Window xmlns:Controls="clr-namespace:System.Windows.Controls;assembly=PresentationFramework"
        xmlns:fa="http://schemas.fontawesome.io/icons/">
    <Window.Resources>
        <Controls:BooleanToVisibilityConverter x:Key="BooleanToVisibilityConverter" />
    </Window.Resources>

    <TextBox Text="{Binding Query, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" />
    <TextBlock Text="{Binding ResultTask.Result}" />

    <Label Content="Loading..." 
           Visibility="{Binding ResultTask.IsNotCompleted, 
                                Converter={StaticResource BooleanToVisibilityConverter}, 
                                FallbackValue=Collapsed}"/>
    <fa:ImageAwesome Icon="Refresh" Spin="True" Height="16" Width="16" 
                     Visibility="{Binding ResultTask.IsNotCompleted, 
                     Converter={StaticResource BooleanToVisibilityConverter}, 
                     FallbackValue=Collapsed}" />

    <Label Content="{Binding NotifyValuesTask.ErrorMessage}" 
           Visibility="{Binding ResultTask.IsFaulted, 
                                Converter={StaticResource BooleanToVisibilityConverter}}"/>

MainVM.cs

private string _query;
public string Query
{
    get { return _query; }
    set
    {
        Set(() => Query, ref _query, value, true);
        ResultTask = NotifyTask.Create(GetResultAsync(_query, MyCallback));
    }
}

private void MyCallback() { /* ... */ }

private NotifyTask<string> _resultTask;
public NotifyTask<string> ResultTask
{
    get
    {
        return _resultTask;
    }
    set
    {
        Set(() => ResultTask, ref _resultTask, value, true);
    }
}

public async Task<string> GetResultAsync(string query, Action callback)
{
    var url = $"http://localhost:57157/api/v1/test/result/{query}";
    var responseMessage = await _client.GetAsync(url);
    if (responseMessage.IsSuccessStatusCode)
    {
        return await responseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
    }
    else
    {
        return await Task.FromResult($"{responseMessage.StatusCode}: {responseMessage.ReasonPhrase}");
    }

    callback();
}

Parallel

Utile si le code n'est pas séquentiel.

// for loop
Parallel.For(1, 20, i =>
{
    Console.WriteLine(i);
    Thread.Sleep(1000);
});

// for each loop
Parallel.ForEach(Enumerable.Range(1, 20), i =>
{
    Console.WriteLine(i);
    Thread.Sleep(1000);
});

// invoke actions
Parallel.Invoke(
    () => {
        Console.WriteLine(1);
        Thread.Sleep(1000);
    },
    () => {
        Console.WriteLine(2);
        Thread.Sleep(1000);
    }
);

Parallel options

// after 4s throw an OperationCanceledException
// no further operations will start but don't stop currently executing operations
var cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource(4000);

var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions
{
    MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 12, // by default use as much computer power as possible
    TaskScheduler = null,
    CancellationToken = cancellationTokenSource.Token
}

Parallel.ForEach(
    numbers,
    parallelOptions,
    (int i, ParallelLoopState loopState) =>
{
    if (loopState.ShouldExitCurrentIteration) // check if another iteration has requested to break
    {
        loopState.Break(); // break loop
    }

    if (!cancellationTokenSource.Token.IsCancellationRequested) { /* next operation step */ } // useful for long operation to break
});

Handling exceptions

All the exceptions are catched and when all the tasks have been executed then an AggregateException is thrown if any.

try
{
    Parallel.Invoke(
        () =>
        {
            var waitTime = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(4);
            while (DateTime.UtcNow < waitTime) { }
        },
        () =>
        {
            throw new Exception("MyException");
        }
    );
}
catch (AggregateException ex)
{
    ex.InnerExceptions; // ReadOnlyCollection<Exception>
}

Shared variable

Lock

private static readonly object sumLock = new();

var sum = 0m; // shared variable, updated by threads
Parallel.For(0, 100, i =>
{
    lock(sumLock) // only 1 thread at a time can access
    {
        sum += 0.5m; // code inside the lock should take as little time as possible
    }
});

To avoid deadlocks:

use 1 lock object for each shared resource
avoid nested locks
use a new object

Interlocked

Create thread-safe atomic operations.

Faster than lock, but Interlocked only works with integers.

int sum = 0; // shared variable, updated by threads
Parallel.For(0, 100, i =>
{
    Interlocked.Add(ref sum, 1);
});

AsyncLocal

Allow to have a different variable for each async task.

private static AsyncLocal<decimal?> asyncLocal = new();
Parallel.For(0, 100, async (i) =>
{
    asyncLocal.Value = 10; // the asyncLocal is not shared among async tasks
});

Concurrent collections

BlockingCollection<T>	ajout et suppression thread-safe. Add, Take. FIFO par défaut.
ConcurrentBag<T>	sans ordre, doublons autorisés. Add, TryTake, TryPeek.
ConcurrentDictionary<TKey,T>	TryAdd, TryUpdate, AddOrUpdate, GetOrAdd.
ConcurrentQueue<T>	FIFO. Enqueue, TryDequeue.
ConcurrentStack<T>	LIFO. Push, TryPop.

BlockingCollection<string> col = new BlockingCollection<string>();
col.Add("text");
string s = col.Take();

foreach (string v in col.GetConsumingEnumerable())
    Console.WriteLine(v);

Tasks

// AsParallel PLINQ
var tasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 30).AsParallel().Select(x => MyTaskAsync(x));
await Task.WhenAll(tasks);

// ForEachAsync
await Parallel.ForEachAsync(Enumerable.Range(1, 30), async (x, token) => await MyTaskAsync(x));

// Task.Run run task in a new thread
// even without Task.Run, Task.WhenAll will run the tasks in parallel and then for all of them to be done
var tasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 30).Select(x => Task.Run(() => MyTaskAsync(x)));
await Task.WhenAll(tasks);

private async Task MyTaskAsync(int i)
{
    Console.WriteLine(i);
    await Task.Delay(4000);
}

Handle exceptions with Task.WhenAll

The problem

// create 10 jobs in parallel, the jobs 5 and 7 will raise an Exception
try
{
    var createJobTasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 10).Select(x => CreateJobAsync($"Job {x}"));
}
catch (Exception e) { } // only the first exception is catched!

async Task<Job> CreateJobAsync(string name)
{
    await Task.Delay(1);

    if (name.EndsWith("5") || name.EndsWith("7") )
        throw new Exception($"Error {name}");

    return new Job { Name = name };
}

class Job
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

A solution: wrapping the task into a TaskResult

// the created jobs are wrapped into TaskResult to handle Exception
var createJobTasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 10).Select(x => CreateJobAsync($"Job {x}").ToTaskResultAsync());
var jobs = await Task.WhenAll(createJobTasks);

// if the TaskResult is a succes then access to the Result otherwise access to the Exception ErrorMessage
var writeTasks = jobs.Select(x => Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(x.Success ? x.Result.Name : x.ErrorMessage)));
await Task.WhenAll(writeTasks);

TaskExtension.cs

public static class TaskExtension
{
    public static async Task<TaskResult<T>> ToTaskResultAsync<T>(this Task<T> task)
    {
        try
        {
            return new TaskResult<T> { Result = await task };
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            return new TaskResult<T> { Exception = e };
        }
    }

    public class TaskResult<T>
    {
        public T Result;
        public Exception Exception { get; set; }
        public string ErrorMessage => Exception?.InnerException?.Message ?? Exception?.Message ?? string.Empty;
        public bool Success => Exception is null;
    }
}

PLINQ

AsParallel analyses the query to see if it is suitable for parallelization. This analysis adds overhead.
If it is unsafe or faster to run sequentially then it won't be run in parallel.

var numbers = Enumerable.Range(0, 100_000_000);

var parallelResult = numbers.AsParallel()
                            .WithDegreeOfParallelism(2)
                            .WithCancellation(token)
                            .WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism)
                            .WithMergeOptions(ParallelMergeOptions.Default)
                            .AsOrdered() // add overhead
                            .Where(i => i % 2 == 0);

// parcourt d'itération en mode parallèle, l'ordre est perdu.
// le parcourt commence même si parallelResult n'est pas au complet
parallelResult.ForAll(e => Console.WriteLine(e));